History
The Ghadar Revolution
KIRPAL SINGH
In 1913, they were the first to declare that their aim was Independence of India, long before the Indian National Congress passed a resolution for India’s independence in 1926.
None of the members of the Ghadar Party had any vested interests, whereas the leaders of the mutiny of 1857 had their individual vested interests. The much extolled rani of Jhansi, for example, did not join the mutiny in May 1857, but finally tagged along after the British government’s refusal to accede to her request for adopting a son.
The leaders of the Ghadar Movement were committed to the cause and did not waver at any time. One anecdote had been recorded in a Gurmukhi booklet “Shaheed Jeewniaa(n)” (The Lives of the Martyrs) ... which was promptly banned by the British government.
An elderly gentleman from the village of Sarabha went to meet Kartar Singh Sarabha in jail. He told the latter that he had come to take him back to the village. Kartar Singh enquired about his relatives. The elderly villager told him that one of his relatives had died of cholera; another had died in an accident, while yet another had died long ago. At this, Kartar Singh asserted: “Let me die for my country.”
The elderly villager had tears in his eyes on hearing this answer. The sacrifice of Kartar Singh Sarabha was a great inspiration for another great revolutionary, Bhagat Singh. It is said that Kartar Singh’s photo was found in the possessions left behind by Bhagat Singh after his execution at the hands of the British.
SIKH EMIGRANTS
During the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th, many Sikh emigrants from Punjab went to the Malay States and China. From there, they migrated to Canada and the USA as these countries offered them good prospects of employment. This process of migration continued for some time, especially for Sikhs living in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Malay States, America and Canada.
In Canada and USA, all immigrants from the subcontinent were resented by the Europeans settlers as they felt the former disturbed their economy by working for lower wages. Due to this, numerous racial riots took place at different places.
RESTRICTING ENTRY
The government of the country always sided with the Europeans and passed various Acts restricting the numbers of Indians. The Chinese and Japanese were accorded lenient treatment. These measures aggravated their condition. This colour prejudice was part of workers’ exploitation. All these factors convinced them that their misery and humiliation were due to the fact that their home government was not their own. They decided to free their motherland by organising an armed rebellion.
In March 1913, a conference was called at Washington and invitations were sent to Sikhs and others from the subcontinent living in various parts of Canada and USA. This conference was sponsored by Sohan Singh Bhakna, Wasakha Singh, Jawala Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha and Hardyal. They had toured the Pacific coast and were able to enlist the support of Khalsa Dewan, Stockton; Hindustan Association, British Columbia and Vancouver United India League. About 200 delegates attended this conference.
A group was founded with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president, Baba Kesar Singh, vice-president, Hardyal, secretary and Pandit Kashi Ram, treasurer. The aim was the liberation of the subcontinent from the British occupiers by the force of armed rebellion. The headquarters of the party were to be at San Francisco, as it was a suitable place to keep in touch with the revolutionaries in other countries.
A printing press was made operational and a newspaper was started. The site of the press and its office was called ‘Yugantar Ashram’ and the newspaper was named ‘Ghadar‘. The first issue of Ghadar appeared on November 1, 1913. It was published in Gurmukhi, Urdu and Gujarati.
When World War I was declared on August 4. 1914, the Sikhs and their associates living in the USA thought it was the most opportune time to expel the British from India. After this, they began to conspire for their own return to the subcontinent for the purpose of an armed rebellion for throwing off the foreign yoke.
MORE VIGILANCE
‘The Shamsher Khalsa’ on October 15, 1914, published a notice to the effect that the Khalsa Diwan, Stockton, having received numerous requests from settlers to effect the sale of their land, had made arrangements with a company for the purpose. Settlers intending to sell their land should communicate with Khalsa Diwan. The object was, no doubt, a rebellion back home.
The Government of British India, on the other hand, became more vigilant and issued the ‘Ingress Into India Ordinance’ on September 5, 1914. This ordinance provided for control of the persons entering British India, whether by sea or hand. Later, this ordinance was made the basis for the ‘Defence of India Act, 1915‘.
When the revolutionaries heard about the fate of the Komagata Maru ship in the Vancouver harbour, they decided to reach India via different ships. The Tosha Maru reached Calcutta with some leaders of the Ghadar Movement, including its founder president Sohan Singh Bhakna. But they were immediately arrested.
Nidhan Singh, Jawala Singh, Jagat Ram and Kesar Singh came via Colombo. They reached Punjab after visiting Gurdwara Nanded, Hyderabad.
The Nippon Maru brought Kartar Singh, who also reached Punjab via Colombo.
The Fiazang brought Jagat Singh, the Foo Sang brought Piara Singh, Harnam Singh, Ran Singh, Nand Singh and Jawand Singh.
The general situation in the Punjab was favourable for the leaders of the Ghadar Movement. After the outbreak of World War I, the legend of invincibility of Germany gained favour. The leaders of the Ghadar Movement were Kesar Singh, Jagat Ram, Rur Singh, Jawala Singh, Mulla Singh and Bhai Parmanand of DAV College, Lahore. Rash Behari from Banaras and Ganesh Das Pingley joined them later on.
Jagat Ram was sent to Peshawar for purchase of arms. Bhai Parmanand was entrusted with the propaganda work. Dr Mathra was appointed to make bombs.
In the beginning, the Ghadarites were most active in Amritsar, which was made the headquarters. The leaders of the Ghadar Movement met on Diwali at Amritsar and during the annual fair at Nankana Sahib. Later, a meeting was held in Amritsar in which Kartar Singh Sarabha participated. The next meeting was held at the monthly fair at Tarn Taran and at Jhar Sahib, a gurdwara, where it was decided to act in unison with other revolutionaries working in different districts.
Later, Rash Behari joined the movement and at his suggestion, their headquarters were moved from Amritsar to Lahore.
PERSUADING TROOPS TO JOIN
One of the major aims of the programme was to persuade the troops to join the movement. Mula Singh was appointed for this purpose. The Sowars of 23rd Cavalry were won over and they promised to march out and join the armed rebellion at the appointed hour.
As a token of their assurance, they sent a sword to the leaders of the movement. One emigrant enlisted himself in 22nd Cavalry. Nidhan Singh and Kartar Singh contacted men at Ferozepur. Piara Singh went to the Frontier cantonments. During the first two months of 1915, emissaries were sent to all cantonments in Northern India.
The date for the general uprising was fixed for November 30, 1914. Later on, the date was postponed. February 21, 1915 was appointed as the final date. The Ghadar leaders were to attack Lahore cantonment and to secure ammunition and cooperation of the 23rd Cavalry. Kartar Singh, Balwant Singh and Randhir Singh were to secure cooperation of 26th Punjab and ammunition at Ferozepur cantonment. Besides this, telephone wires were to be cut and police stations were to be looted in order to secure arms.
The Amritsar Police came to know the activities of Mula Singh and they appointed one person to work secretly among the revolutionaries. He was also a returned emigrant from Shanghai and was known to Nidhan Singh. He reported the entire plot to the police. Some revolutionaries were arrested at Amritsar.
When leaders of the movement heard that the police had come know of their programme, they changed the date to February 19, two days ahead of schedule. This was again leaked to the police and the government strengthened all the cantonments and took preventive measures.
Mula Singh was arrested. The police attacked some of the revolutionaries in the Anarkali Bazaar, Lahore but they boldly faced the police and killed a sub-inspector. Arjan Singh was, however, captured and Sajan Singh and Batas Singh escaped.
FACING BETRAYAL
On February 19, 23rd Cavalry was kept on duty throughout the night. Hence nobody dared to move out. At Ferozepur, Kartar Singh was to attack the cantonment. A party of about 70 persons was ready and Kirpa Singh was sent to bring these sepoys who had promised to join. But they never came and the party waited for the whole night but dispersed after finding that the plot hand been forestalled.
After the collapse of the plot, Rash Behari fled from Punjab and other leaders were arrested one by one. Pingley was arrested at Meerut.
Sir Michael O. Dwyer, Lt Governor of the Punjab, reported, “It is not desirable at present time to allow trials of these revolutionaries or of other sedition mongers to be protracted by ingenuity of counsel and drawn out to inordinate lengths by committal land appeal procedures which the criminal law provides.”
Their trial was to be summary before the judges and there could not be any appeal.
The military men who were to join the rising were found guilty at a court martial and shot. Nine batches of conspirators were tried by a Special Tribunal under the ‘Defence of India Act‘. 24 were sentenced to death and their properties confiscated. 26 were transported to offshore exile for life.
Among them were Sohan Singh Bhakna, Bhai Parmanand, Jagat Ram, Baba Wasakha Singh, Baba Nidhan Singh, Harnam Singh, Gurmukh Singh, Prithvi Singh Azad.
On November 19, seven men, including Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bakshish Singh and Kashi Ram were executed.
‘SEDITIOUS' PAMPHLETS
The following pamphlets were published by the Ghadarites:
* Ghadr di Gunj (Echo of Mutiny). This was written in Gurmukhi and was addressed in particular to the Sikhs.
* Illan-i-Jang (Declaration of War) was published in Urdu. It gave a graphic picture of India’s slavery by highlighting its economic exploitation by the English.
* Naya Zamana (New Era) began with an ode in praise of Lokmanya Tilak who was cited as an example for everybody to follow. It appealed to all Indians to wake up and work in earnest for the salvation of India which was to be found in getting liberty and equality for all.
* The fourth pamphlet was “Balance Sheet of Rule in India”. It included 14 itemss. Item nos. 4 and 5 dealt with famines and plagues which occurred in India. Item no. 10 dealt with destruction of local crafts for the sake of British industries. Item no. 11 dealt with the Sikh and Indian sacrifices done for the sake of British conquest in Burma, Afghanistan and China.
The author is a historian.
[Courtesy: Tribune. Edited for sikhchic.com]
October 10, 2013
Conversation about this article
1: Gur Singh (Chicago, Illinois, USA), October 10, 2013, 9:47 AM.
In 1913, the Ghadar party was formed in the US and in 1916 the Home Rule movement was started in India under the guidance of British to give dominion status to India under the British Rule. Let's go back into history: in the late 1770s and the 1780s, George Washington led American revolutionary troops against the British. The 'Tories' (word which describes the then British bureaucrats, mostly the grads of ivy league institutes like Harvard, Yale) advised the British monarch to agree to give home rule in the early 1770s, but the British did not listen. In the coming years the British lost control of the American territory to the American revolutionaries. The first chapter of the Journal of American History published in 1885 clearly details the reasons for the British defeat in the American War of independence.
2: Harinder (Punjab), October 10, 2013, 10:48 AM.
It all sounds so incongruous and bizarre. Sikhs fighting the British empire and now in 2013 lining up the UK office for a permanent resident passport to UK. To rule the roost in the former enemy's own home! Strange and wonderful are the ways of Waheguru.
3: Sunny Grewal (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada), October 10, 2013, 3:26 PM.
I find it amazing that these men can be held as national heroes of India, and at the same time their people are discriminated against at the very same time. The British presented these young men before rigged courts which had them executed, the others were shot on sight in extra judicial killings. It looks as if India learned well from the British.
4: Parminder Rekhi (California, USA), October 12, 2013, 10:16 PM.
The photos of the unsung liberators of the Indian independence should be tagged with brief profiles. This would be more appropriate way to honour the unknown heroes.
5: Kaala (Punjab), October 15, 2013, 1:10 PM.
I am compelled to think, what did the Sikhs achieve for themselves with all these ghadars and revolutions? All this without strategic and coherent vision is of no use.